Download or read book The Physiological Function and Regulatory Mechanisms of the Unfolded Protein Response and Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation written by Zhen Xue and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ER protein homeostasis plays an important role in normal organism physiological and pathological conditions. ER stress induces activation of the unfolded protein response, which reacts to reset ER homeostasis by enhancing protein folding capacity, reducing protein translation load and up-regulating ER associated degradation. It is important to understand the physiological role of each main UPR or ERAD component as well as their molecular regulatory mechanisms. IRE1[alpha], the most conserved UPR sensor protein, is a bifunctional enzyme containing both a kinase and RNase domain that are important for transautophosphorylation and Xbp1 mRNA splicing, respectively. However, the amino acid residues important for structural integrity remain largely unknown. This research has identified a highly conserved proline residue at position 830 (P830) that is critical for IRE1[alpha] structural integrity, hence the activation of both kinase and RNase domains. Further structural analysis reveals that P830 could form a highly conserved structural linker with adjacent tryptophan and tyrosine residues at positions 833 and 945 (W833 and Y945) thereby bridging the kinase and RNase domains. This finding may facilitate the identification of small molecules which specifically compromise IRE1[alpha] function. Previously, ER stress has been shown to activate inflammatory responses. Yet, whether this is true with ERAD in vivo remains to be demonstrated. Using macrophage-specific Sel1L (a key protein component of the Sel1L-Hrd1 ERAD complex) knock-out mice, our data challenges the causal link between ER stress and inflammation in a physiological setting. This research shows that Sel1L is dispensable for normal macrophage innate immunity functions. Although these macrophages exhibited elevated protein levels of a subset of ER chaperones and dilated ER cisternae at the basal conditions, surprisingly these changes are uncoupled from macrophage antigen presenting function, cytokine secretion function, and inflammatory responses against bacterial pathogens as well as in obese adipose tissues. Thus, we conclude that physiological mild ER stress may not play a causal role in inflammation in macrophages. ii.